General Extenders in Persian Discourse: Frequency and Grammatical Distribution

This study tries to investigate the frequency and grammatical distribution of general extenders in Persian. The analysis is based on a corpus of informal conversations. On some occasions, a comparison will also be made with the corpus of informal English compiled and analyzed by Overstreet (1999, 2005). The results of this study lay bare the fact that Persian speakers use adjunctive general extenders more frequently than disjunctive ones. It will also be demonstrated that Persian speakers use general extenders both at clause final and clause-internal positions. Finally, Persian general extenders will be examined with reference to their grammatical agreement requirements.Keywords: Discourse marker; frequency; general extender; grammatical distribution; Persia

Facile Preparation of Drug-Loaded Tristearin Encapsulated Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Using Coaxial Electrospray Processing

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About his friend, how good she is, and this and that : general extenders in native Persian and non-native English discourse

The present study sets out to investigate the structures and functions of general extenders (GEs) in native Persian and non-native English discourse. The data include two corpora of informal conversations collected by the participants themselves (circa 20 h). Both native and non-native corpora show that GEs are in the process of becoming more flexible with regard to their position. The Persian corpus was found to contain two unique GEs (‘vae vae vae’ and ‘vae in vae un’), that seemed to be directly transferred to English by the non-native speaker group (‘and and and’ and ‘and this and that’). The data further shows that, unlike in English, Persian GEs are not used to provide an intensifying effect in soliciting agreement. The non-native English corpus does not feature this function either. The findings also indicate that EFL learners do not tend to use the GE ‘and stuff’ to establish solidarity. Besides, the present study shows how Persian GEs can be used to fulfill the two unique functions of expressing outrage and arousing curiosity. In the former case, which is also found in the non-native English corpus, speakers echo the word they find offensive and add the GE ‘jahaerci’, and in the latter case, they lengthen the GE ‘vaeina’. Finally, it is argued that first language norms influence the use of GEs by non-native speakers.19 page(s

Ideological Aspects of Translating News Headlines from English to Persian

Le présent article qui est rédigé à la lumière de l’approche sociocognitive de Teun van Dijk, tente d’examiner quelques-unes des dimensions idéologiques de la traduction des titres dans la presse d’actualité de l’anglais en persan. Un certain nombre de titres parallèles en anglais et en persan ont été sélectionnés pour une analyse comparative et contrastive, avec notamment pour objectif de mettre en évidence différents outils idéologiques impliqués dans le processus de la traduction des titres. L’analyse qualitative des données modèles suggère que la polarisation des caractéristiques de « nous » contre « eux » est généralement influencée par l’approbation ou la désapprobation des traducteurs ou producteurs des textes d’actualité « cibles » du contenu idéologique de la une des journaux en question, et qui est représentée par le maintien, la modification ou la suppression d’éléments des textes sources dans les textes cibles. Ces stratégies de traduction se servent généralement d’expressions linguistiques (tant au niveau lexical que grammatical) ou d’éléments non linguistiques (tels que des images, des photos et des dessins).Drawing on Teun van Dijk’s socio-cognitive approach, the present paper attempts to investigate certain ideological aspects of news headlining in an English-Persian translation context. A number of parallel news headlines have been chosen for contrastive analysis, with a view to highlighting the different ideological apparatuses involved in the process of translation of news headlines. A qualitative analysis of the sample data suggests that the polarization of us and them is generally influenced by translators’/target news producers’ (dis)approval of the ideological content of the source headlines in question, and is represented through maintaining, manipulating or excluding original headlines in the target news stories. These translation strategies are typically realized through the purposeful application of linguistic expressions (both at lexical and grammatical levels) or non-linguistic elements (such as images, photos and graphic drawings)

Electrospinning/electrospraying coatings for metal microneedles: a design of experiments (DOE) and quality by design (QbD) approach

The research presented here shows QbD implementation for the optimisation of the key process parameters in electrohydrodynamic atomisation (EHDA). Here, the electrosprayed nanoparticles and electrospun fibers consisting of a polymeric matrix and dye. Eight formulations were assessed consisting of 5% w/v of polycaprolactone (PCL) in dichloromethane (DCM) and 5% w/v polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) in ethanol. A full factorial DOE was used to assess the various parameters (applied voltage, deposition distance, flow rate). Further particle and fiber analysis using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), particle/fiber size distribution. In addition to this in vitro release studied were carried out using fluorescein and Rhodamine B as model dyes and in vitro permeation studies were applied. The results show a significant difference in the morphology of resultant structures as well as a more rapid release profile for the PVP particles and fibers in comparison to the sustained release profiles found with PCL. In vitro drug release studies showed 100% drug release after 7 days for PCL particles and showed 100% drug release within 120 min for PVP particles. The release kinetics and the permeation study showed that the MN successfully pierced the membrane and the electrospun MN coating released a large amount of the loaded drug within 6 h. This study has demonstrated the capability of these robust MNs to encapsulate a diverse range drugs within a polymeric matrix giving rise to the potential of developed personalised medical devices